EMAP II is a proinflammatory cytokine and chemoattractant of macrophages. The 20 kD mature peptide binds to endothelial cells and leukocytes like macrophages. EMAP II activates endothelial cells, by elevation of cytosolic free calcium concentration, release of von Willebrand factor, induction of tissue factor, and expression of adhesion molecules E-selectin and P-selectin. It further activates resting monocytes by elevating cytosolic free calcium concentration, inducing TNF-? and tissue factor and stimulating chemotaxis. EMAP II has been shown in a tumor model to sensitize the local tumor vasculature to the action of TNF-?, rendering resistant tumors sensitive to immunotherapy by TNF-?. Application: IHC on paraffin embedded (not frozen) tissues.